Modificaciones de estilo de vida para prevenir y controlar la hipertensión arterial
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6897509Keywords:
hipertensión arterial, factores de riesgo, prevención, estilo de vidaAbstract
La hipertensión arterial es el factor de riesgo más importante y modificable para la enfermedad cardiovascular y la mortalidad. El alto consumo de sal puede predisponer a los niños a desarrollar hipertensión más adelante. Una reducción moderada en el consumo de sal de la población en todo el mundo daría lugar a una mejora importante en la salud pública. Con respecto al tabaquismo como otro factor de riesgo, existen varias estrategias que pueden usarse para promover el abandono del hábito de fumar. Los médicos están en una excelente posición para ayudar a sus pacientes a dejar de fumar. Las intervenciones dirigidas de pérdida de peso en subgrupos de población podrían ser más efectivas para la prevención de la hipertensión que un enfoque de población general. Se recomienda encarecidamente una dieta rica en frutas y verduras con alto contenido de potasio. Los productos frescos son los mejores. El contenido normal de potasio se reduce cuando los alimentos son enlatados o congelados. El suplemento con calcio reduce la presión arterial en individuos hipertensos durante la inhibición crónica de la óxido nítrico sintasa y la dieta alta en calcio mejora la vasorelajación en la hipertensión deficiente en óxido nítrico. El magnesio debe ser considerado por cualquier persona que busque prevenir o tratar la presión arterial alta. La base para una presión arterial saludable consiste en una dieta saludable, ejercicio adecuado, reducción del estrés y cantidades suficientes de potasio y magnesio, pero se requieren más investigaciones antes de hacer recomendaciones terapéuticas definitivas sobre el uso de magnesio. El consumo de alcohol es un contribuyente más frecuente a la hipertensión de lo que generalmente se aprecia. Para los pacientes hipertensos en los que el estrés parece ser un problema importante, el manejo del estrés debe considerarse como una intervención. Las intervenciones conductuales cognitivas individualizadas tienen más probabilidades de ser efectivas que las intervenciones de un solo componente.
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